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			</style>[an error occurred while processing this directive]<div class="content-width"><ol class="breadcrumb text-uppercase"><li><a href="/">Home</a></li><li><a href="/aboutus/">About Us</a></li><li><a href="/people/">People</a></li><li><a href="/people/emeritusfaculty.html">Emeritus Faculty</a></li><li><a href="/people/Stephen.Pulman"><span itemprop="name">Stephen Pulman</span></a></li><li class="active">Publications</li></ol></div><!-- MOBILE NAVIGATION --><div class="content-width space-below mobile-menu-placeholder visible-xs visible-sm"></div><!-- COLUMNS --><div class="container-fluid content-width"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 col-md-9 col-md-push-3" id="maincontent"><!-- CONTENT (Column 2) --><div class="page-title"><h1>Stephen Pulman : Publications
</h1></div><div role="toolbar" class="btn-toolbar"><div class="btn-group"><a href="/people/publications/date/Stephen.Pulman.html" aria-hidden="true" type="button" class="btn btn-oxford-blue"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-sort-by-attributes"></span> By date</a><a href="/people/publications/title/Stephen.Pulman.html" aria-hidden="true" type="button" class="btn btn-default"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-sort-by-attributes"></span> By title</a><a href="/people/publications/type/Stephen.Pulman.html" aria-hidden="true" type="button" class="btn btn-default"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-sort-by-attributes"></span> By type</a><a href="/people/publications/bibtex/Stephen.Pulman.html" aria-hidden="true" type="button" class="btn btn-default"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-file"></span> BibTex</a></div></div><p></p><ul class="list-unbulleted list-unbulleted-spaced"><li>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Second order inference in natural language semantics </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Stephen G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>J. Language Modelling</em>.
        
            Vol. 6.
        
            No. 1.
        
                Pages 1&#x2013;40.
            2018.
        </p>
	
        		<p class="publicationlinks"> <a
        
            		href="/publications/publication12499-abstract.html">
			Details <span class="sr-only" > about <em> Second order inference in natural language semantics  </em></span> </a> |
			<a href="/publications/publication12499.bib">
			BibTeX  <span class="sr-only" > data for <em> Second order inference in natural language semantics  </em></span>   </a>
			
			 | <a
		href="http://dx.doi.org/10.15398/jlm.v6i1.185">
		DOI (10.15398/jlm.v6i1.185)
		</a> 
					| <a href="https://doi.org/10.15398/jlm.v6i1.185"> Link <span class="sr-only" > to <em> Second order inference in natural language semantics  </em></span> </a>
  				
		
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Leveraging User Engagement Signals For Entity Labeling in a Virtual Assistant </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Deepak Muralidharan&#x201a; Justine Kao&#x201a; Xiao Yang&#x201a; Lin Li&#x201a; Lavanya Viswanathan&#x201a; Mubarak Seyed Ibrahim&#x201a; Kevin Luikens&#x201a; Stephen Pulman&#x201a; Ashish Garg&#x201a; Atish Kothari and Jason Williams  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            NeurIPS 2018 Workshop on Conversational AI</em>.
        2018.
        </p>
	
        		<p class="publicationlinks"> <a
        
            		href="/publications/publication12508-abstract.html">
			Details <span class="sr-only" > about <em> Leveraging User Engagement Signals For Entity Labeling in a Virtual Assistant  </em></span> </a> |
			<a href="/publications/publication12508.bib">
			BibTeX  <span class="sr-only" > data for <em> Leveraging User Engagement Signals For Entity Labeling in a Virtual Assistant  </em></span>   </a>
			
			
					| <a href="http://tinyurl.com/y52c36lx"> Link <span class="sr-only" > to <em> Leveraging User Engagement Signals For Entity Labeling in a Virtual Assistant  </em></span> </a>
  				
		
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Price sensitive ripples and chain reactions: tracking the impact of corporate announcements with real&#x2212;time multidimensional opinion streaming </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Moilanen K. and Pulman S.  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In F. A. Pozzi&#x201a; E. Fersini&#x201a; E. Messina and B. Liu, editors,
             
            <em>
            Sentiment Analysis in Social Networks</em>.
        
                Chapter 15.
            
                Pages 223&#x2212;237.
            Elsevier (Morgan Kaufman).
        2017.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> ISBN 978&#x2212;0&#x2212;12&#x2212;804412&#x2212;4</p>
	
        		<p class="publicationlinks"> <a
        
            		href="/publications/publication12502-abstract.html">
			Details <span class="sr-only" > about <em> Price sensitive ripples and chain reactions: tracking the impact of corporate announcements with real&#x2212;time multidimensional opinion streaming  </em></span> </a> |
			<a href="/publications/publication12502.bib">
			BibTeX  <span class="sr-only" > data for <em> Price sensitive ripples and chain reactions: tracking the impact of corporate announcements with real&#x2212;time multidimensional opinion streaming  </em></span>   </a>
			
			
		
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Financial Prediction from Heterogenous Streams of ONline Lead Indicators </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Abby Levenberg&#x201a; Edwin Simpson&#x201a; Stephen Roberts&#x201a; Stephen Pulman&#x201a; Karo Moilanen and Georg Gottlob  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In Gautam Mitra and Xiang Yu, editors,
             
            <em>
            Handbook of Sentiment Analysis in Finance</em>.
        
                Chapter 24.
            
                Pages 523&#x2212;546.
            Optirisk Systems and Albury Books.
        2016.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> ISBN 978&#x2212;1&#x2212;910571&#x2212;57&#x2212;6</p>
	
        		<p class="publicationlinks"> <a
        
            		href="/publications/publication12507-abstract.html">
			Details <span class="sr-only" > about <em> Financial Prediction from Heterogenous Streams of ONline Lead Indicators  </em></span> </a> |
			<a href="/publications/publication12507.bib">
			BibTeX  <span class="sr-only" > data for <em> Financial Prediction from Heterogenous Streams of ONline Lead Indicators  </em></span>   </a>
			
			
		
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Compositional Sentiment Analysis </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In Gautam Mitra and Xiang Yu, editors,
             
            <em>
            Handbook of Sentiment Analysis in Finance</em>.
        
                Chapter 2.
            
                Pages 35&#x2212;50.
            Optirisk Systems and Albury Books.
        2016.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> ISBN 978&#x2212;1&#x2212;910571&#x2212;57&#x2212;6</p>
	
        		<p class="publicationlinks"> <a
        
            		href="/publications/publication12506-abstract.html">
			Details <span class="sr-only" > about <em> Compositional Sentiment Analysis  </em></span> </a> |
			<a href="/publications/publication12506.bib">
			BibTeX  <span class="sr-only" > data for <em> Compositional Sentiment Analysis  </em></span>   </a>
			
			
		
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Reasoning about Meaning in Natural Language with Compact Closed Categories and Frobenius Algebras </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Dimitri Kartsaklis&#x201a; Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh&#x201a; Stephen Pulman and Bob Coecke  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In J. Chubb&#x201a; A. Eskandarian and V. Harizanov, editors,
             
            <em>
            Logic and Algebraic Structures in Quantum Computing and Information</em>.
        
                Pages 199&#x2212;222.
            Cambridge University Press.
        2016.
        </p>
	
        		<p class="publicationlinks"> <a
        
            		href="/publications/publication10637-abstract.html">
			Details <span class="sr-only" > about <em> Reasoning about Meaning in Natural Language with Compact Closed Categories and Frobenius Algebras  </em></span> </a> |
			<a href="/publications/publication10637.bib">
			BibTeX  <span class="sr-only" > data for <em> Reasoning about Meaning in Natural Language with Compact Closed Categories and Frobenius Algebras  </em></span>   </a>
			
			
		
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Feedback on Academic Essay Writing through pre&#x2212;Emptive Hints: Moving Towards "Advice for Action" </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Debora Whitelock Denise; Twiner Alison; Richardson John T. E.; Field and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            European Journal of Open&#x201a; Distance and e&#x2212;Learning</em>.
        2015.
        </p>
	
        		<p class="publicationlinks"> <a
        
            		href="/publications/publication10634-abstract.html">
			Details <span class="sr-only" > about <em> Feedback on Academic Essay Writing through pre&#x2212;Emptive Hints: Moving Towards "Advice for Action"  </em></span> </a> |
			<a href="/publications/publication10634.bib">
			BibTeX  <span class="sr-only" > data for <em> Feedback on Academic Essay Writing through pre&#x2212;Emptive Hints: Moving Towards "Advice for Action"  </em></span>   </a>
			
			
					| <a href="http://www.eden-online.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/BRPA_Whitelock_et_al_0.pdf"> Download (pdf)  <span class="sr-only" > of <em> Feedback on Academic Essay Writing through pre&#x2212;Emptive Hints: Moving Towards "Advice for Action"  </em></span>   </a>
  				
		
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            OpenEssayist: A Supply and Demand Learning Analytics Tool for Drafting Academic Essays </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Denise Whitelock&#x201a; Alison Twiner&#x201a; John T. E. Richardson&#x201a; Debora Field and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Learning Analytics And Knowledge</em>.
        
                Pages 208&#x2013;212.
            New York&#x201a; NY&#x201a; USA.
        2015.
        ACM.
        </p>
	
        		<p class="publicationlinks"> <a
        
            		href="/publications/publication10632-abstract.html">
			Details <span class="sr-only" > about <em> OpenEssayist: A Supply and Demand Learning Analytics Tool for Drafting Academic Essays  </em></span> </a> |
			<a href="/publications/publication10632.bib">
			BibTeX  <span class="sr-only" > data for <em> OpenEssayist: A Supply and Demand Learning Analytics Tool for Drafting Academic Essays  </em></span>   </a>
			
			 | <a
		href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2723576.2723599">
		DOI (10.1145/2723576.2723599)
		</a> 
					| <a href="http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2723576.2723599"> Link <span class="sr-only" > to <em> OpenEssayist: A Supply and Demand Learning Analytics Tool for Drafting Academic Essays  </em></span> </a>
  				
		
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Tweets about hospital quality: a mixed methods study </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Felix Greaves&#x201a; Antony A. Laverty&#x201a; Daniel Ramirez Cano&#x201a; Karo Moilanen&#x201a; Stephen Pulman&#x201a; Ara Darzi and Christopher Millett  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>British Medical Journal&#x201a; Quality and Safety</em>.
        April,
            2014.
        </p>
	
        		<p class="publicationlinks"> <a
        
            		href="/publications/publication10629-abstract.html">
			Details <span class="sr-only" > about <em> Tweets about hospital quality: a mixed methods study  </em></span> </a> |
			<a href="/publications/publication10629.bib">
			BibTeX  <span class="sr-only" > data for <em> Tweets about hospital quality: a mixed methods study  </em></span>   </a>
			
			 | <a
		href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2014-002875">
		DOI (10.1136/bmjqs-2014-002875)
		</a> 
		
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            An exploration of the features of graded student essays using domain&#x2212;independent natural language processing techniques </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Nicolas Field Debora; Richardson John T. E.; Pulman Stephen; Van Labeke and Denise Whitelock  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>International Journal of e&#x2212;Assessment</em>.
        
            Vol. 4.
        
            No. 1.
        
                Pages article no. 69..
            2014.
        </p>
	
        		<p class="publicationlinks"> <a
        
            		href="/publications/publication10635-abstract.html">
			Details <span class="sr-only" > about <em> An exploration of the features of graded student essays using domain&#x2212;independent natural language processing techniques  </em></span> </a> |
			<a href="/publications/publication10635.bib">
			BibTeX  <span class="sr-only" > data for <em> An exploration of the features of graded student essays using domain&#x2212;independent natural language processing techniques  </em></span>   </a>
			
			
		
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            A quantum teleportation inspired algorithm produces sentence meaning from word meaning and grammatical structure </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Stephen Clark&#x201a; Bob Coecke&#x201a; Edward Grefenstette&#x201a; Stephen G. Pulman and Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>Malaysian Journal of Mathematical Sciences</em>.
        
            Vol. 8(S).
        
                Pages 15&#x2013;25.
            2014.
        </p>
	
        		<p class="publicationlinks"> <a
        
            		href="/publications/publication10633-abstract.html">
			Details <span class="sr-only" > about <em> A quantum teleportation inspired algorithm produces sentence meaning from word meaning and grammatical structure  </em></span> </a> |
			<a href="/publications/publication10633.bib">
			BibTeX  <span class="sr-only" > data for <em> A quantum teleportation inspired algorithm produces sentence meaning from word meaning and grammatical structure  </em></span>   </a>
			
			
		
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Predicting Economic Indicators from Web Text Using Sentiment Composition </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Abby Levenberg&#x201a; Stephen Pulman&#x201a; Karo Moilanen&#x201a; Edwin Simpson and Stephen J Roberts  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering</em>.
        
            Vol. 3.
        
            No. 2.
        
                Pages 109&#x2013;115.
            2014.
        </p>
	
        		<p class="publicationlinks"> <a
        
            		href="/publications/publication10630-abstract.html">
			Details <span class="sr-only" > about <em> Predicting Economic Indicators from Web Text Using Sentiment Composition  </em></span> </a> |
			<a href="/publications/publication10630.bib">
			BibTeX  <span class="sr-only" > data for <em> Predicting Economic Indicators from Web Text Using Sentiment Composition  </em></span>   </a>
			
			
		
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Designing and testing visual representations of draft essays for higher education students </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> John T. E. Whitelock Denise; Field Debora; Pulman Stephen; Richardson and Nicolas Van Labeke  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            2nd International Workshop on Discourse&#x2212;Centric Learning Analytics&#x201a;</em>.
        2014.
        </p>
	
        		<p class="publicationlinks"> <a
        
            		href="/publications/publication10631-abstract.html">
			Details <span class="sr-only" > about <em> Designing and testing visual representations of draft essays for higher education students  </em></span> </a> |
			<a href="/publications/publication10631.bib">
			BibTeX  <span class="sr-only" > data for <em> Designing and testing visual representations of draft essays for higher education students  </em></span>   </a>
			
			
		
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Deep learning for answer sentence selection </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Lei Yu&#x201a; Karl Moritz Hermann&#x201a; Phil Blunsom and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            NIPS Deep Learning and Representation Learning Workshop&#x201a; Montreal</em>.
        2014.
        </p>
	
        		<p class="publicationlinks"> <a
        
            		href="/publications/publication10628-abstract.html">
			Details <span class="sr-only" > about <em> Deep learning for answer sentence selection  </em></span> </a> |
			<a href="/publications/publication10628.bib">
			BibTeX  <span class="sr-only" > data for <em> Deep learning for answer sentence selection  </em></span>   </a>
			
			
					| <a href="http://www.dlworkshop.org/accepted-papers"> Link <span class="sr-only" > to <em> Deep learning for answer sentence selection  </em></span> </a>
  				
		
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Functional&#x201a; frustrating and full of potential: learners' experiences of a prototype for automated essay feedback. (2014) </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Debora Alden Rivers Bethany; Whitelock Denise; Richardson John T. E.; Field and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In Marco Kalz and Eric Ras, editors,
             
            <em>
            Computer Assisted Assessment: Research into E&#x2212;Assessment.</em>.
        
                Pages 40&#x2212;52.
            Springer.
        2014.
        </p>
	
        		<p class="publicationlinks"> <a
        
            		href="/publications/publication10636-abstract.html">
			Details <span class="sr-only" > about <em> Functional&#x201a; frustrating and full of potential: learners' experiences of a prototype for automated essay feedback. (2014)  </em></span> </a> |
			<a href="/publications/publication10636.bib">
			BibTeX  <span class="sr-only" > data for <em> Functional&#x201a; frustrating and full of potential: learners' experiences of a prototype for automated essay feedback. (2014)  </em></span>   </a>
			
			
		
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Concrete Sentence Spaces for Compositional Distributional Models of Meaning </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Edward Grefenstette&#x201a; Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh&#x201a; Stephen Clark&#x201a; Bob Coecke and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In Harry Bunt&#x201a; Johan Bos and Stephen Pulman, editors,
             
            <em>
            Computing Meaning&#x201a; Volume 4</em>.
        
                Pages 71&#x2212;86.
            Springer.
        2014.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> 260 p. 13 illus.&#x201a; ISBN 978&#x2212;94&#x2212;007&#x2212;7284&#x2212;7</p>
	
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Introduction: Computing Meaning: Annotation&#x201a; Representation&#x201a; and Inference </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Harry Bunt&#x201a; Johan Bos and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In Harry Bunt&#x201a; Johan Bos and Stephen Pulman, editors,
             
            <em>
            Computing Meaning&#x201a; Volume 4</em>.
        
                Pages 1&#x2212;9.
            Springer.
        2014.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> 260 p. 13 illus.&#x201a; ISBN 978&#x2212;94&#x2212;007&#x2212;7284&#x2212;7</p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Did I really mean that? Applying automatic summarisation techniques to formative feedback. </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> D. Field&#x201a; S. Pulman&#x201a; N. Van Labeke&#x201a; D. Whitelock and J.T.E. Richardson  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In Galia Angelova&#x201a; Kalina Bontcheva and Ruslan Mitkov, editors,
             
            <em>
            Proceedings of the 9th International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing</em>.
        
            Vol. 9.
        
                Pages 277&#x2212;284.
            Hissar&#x201a; Bulgaria.
        September,
            2013.
        RANLP.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> ISSN 1313&#x2212;8502</p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Separating Disambiguation from Composition in Distributional Semantics </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Dimitri Kartsaklis&#x201a; Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of 17th Conference on Natural Language Learning (CoNLL)</em>.
        
                Pages 114&#x2212;123.
            Sofia&#x201a; Bulgaria.
        August,
            2013.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Reflections on characteristics of university students&#x2019; essays through experimentation with domain&#x2212;independent natural language processing techniques. </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> D Field&#x201a; JTE Richardson&#x201a; S Pulman and N Van Labeke D Whitelock  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In D Whitelock&#x201a; W Warburton&#x201a; G Wills and L Gilbert, editors,
             
            <em>
            Proceedings of the 2013 International Computer Assisted Assessment Conference</em>.
        Southampton&#x201a; UK.
        July,
            2013.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Using student experience to inform the design of an automated feedback system for essay answers. </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> B Alden&#x201a; N Van Labeke&#x201a; D Field&#x201a; S Pulman&#x201a; JTE Richardson and D Whitelock  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In D Whitelock&#x201a; W Warburton&#x201a; G Wills and L Gilbert, editors,
             
            <em>
            Proceedings of the 2013 International Computer Assisted Assessment Conference</em>.
        Southampton&#x201a; UK.
        July,
            2013.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            What is my essay really saying? Using extractive summarization to motivate reflection and redrafting. </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> N Van Labeke&#x201a; D Whitelock&#x201a; D Field&#x201a; S Pulman and J.T.E. Richardson  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Presentation at the AIED Workshop on Formative Feedback in Interactive Learning Environments</em>.
        Memphis&#x201a; TN.
        July,
            2013.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            OpenEssayist: extractive summarisation and formative assessment of free&#x2212;text essays. </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> N Van Labeke&#x201a; D Whitelock&#x201a; D Field&#x201a; S Pulman and JTE Richardson  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Discourse&#x2212;Centric Learning Analytics</em>.
        Leuven&#x201a; Belgium.
        April,
            2013.
        </p>
	
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            		href="/publications/publication7419-abstract.html">
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Angol nyelv&#x0171; &#xf6;sszetett f&#x0151;nevek &#xe9;rtelmez&#xe9;se parafr&#xe1;zisok seg&#xed;ts&#xe9;g&#xe9;vel </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> A. Dob&#x03cc; and S.G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>MSZNY 2013 &#x2212; IX. Magyar Sz&#xe1;m&#xed;t&#xf3;g&#xe9;pes Nyelv&#xe9;szeti Konferencia.</em>.
        
                Pages 35&#x2212;46.
            2013.
        </p>
	
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            		href="/publications/publication6525-abstract.html">
			Details <span class="sr-only" > about <em> Angol nyelv&#x0171; &#xf6;sszetett f&#x0151;nevek &#xe9;rtelmez&#xe9;se parafr&#xe1;zisok seg&#xed;ts&#xe9;g&#xe9;vel  </em></span> </a> |
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Distributional Semantic Models </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In Chris Heunen&#x201a; Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh and Edward Grefenstette, editors,
             
            <em>
            Quantum Physics and Linguistics: A Compositional&#x201a; Diagrammatic Discourse</em>.
        
                Pages 333&#x2212;358.
            Oxford University Press&#x201a; ISBN 978&#x2212;0&#x2212;19&#x2212;964629&#x2212;6.
        2013.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            A Unified Sentence Space for Categorical Distributional&#x2212;Compositional Semantics: Theory and Experiments </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Dimitri Kartsaklis&#x201a; Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of 24th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING): Posters</em>.
        
                Pages 549&#x2212;558.
            Mumbai&#x201a; India.
        December,
            2012.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            A Unified Sentence Space for Categorical Distributional&#x2212;Compositional Semantics: Theory and Experiments </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Dimitri Kartsaklis&#x201a; Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>Proceedings of 24th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING): Posters</em>.
        2012.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            BUILDING SEMANTIC NETWORKS FROM PLAIN TEXT AND WIKIPEDIA WITH APPLICATION TO SEMANTIC RELATEDNESS AND NOUN COMPOUND PARAPHRASING </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> P.I.A.R. WOJTINNEK&#x201a; S. PULMAN and J. V&#xd6;LKER  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>International Journal of Semantic Computing</em>.
        
            Vol. 6.
        
            No. 01.
        
                Pages 67&#x2013;91.
            2012.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Generating context&#x2212;sensitive ECA responses to user barge&#x2212;in interruptions </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> N. Crook&#x201a; D. Field&#x201a; C. Smith&#x201a; S. Harding&#x201a; S. Pulman&#x201a; M. Cavazza&#x201a; D. Charlton&#x201a; R. Moore and J. Boye  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces</em>.
        
                Pages 1&#x2013;13.
            2012.
        </p>
	
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            		href="/publications/publication6527-abstract.html">
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Learning Semantics and Selectional Preference of Adjective&#x2212;Noun Pairs </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Karl Moritz Hermann&#x201a; Chris Dyer&#x201a; Phil Blunsom and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            *SEM 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics &#x2013; Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task&#x201a; and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2012)</em>.
        
                Pages 70&#x2013;74.
            Montr&#xe9;al&#x201a; Canada.
        2012.
        Association for Computational Linguistics.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            An Unsupervised Ranking Model for Noun&#x2212;Noun Compositionality </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Karl Moritz Hermann&#x201a; Phil Blunsom and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            *SEM 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics &#x2013; Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task&#x201a; and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2012)</em>.
        
                Pages 132&#x2013;141.
            Montr&#xe9;al&#x201a; Canada.
        2012.
        Association for Computational Linguistics.
        </p>
	
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            		href="/publications/publication6098-abstract.html">
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Interpreting noun compounds using paraphrases </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> A. Dob&#x03cc; and S.G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural</em>.
        
            Vol. 46.
        
                Pages 59&#x2212;66.
            2011.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Concrete Sentence Spaces for Compositional Distributional Models of Meaning </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Edward Grefenstette&#x201a; Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh&#x201a; Stephen Clark&#x201a; Bob Coecke and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computational Semantics (IWCS11)</em>.
        
                Pages 125&#x2013;134.
            2011.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Semantic Relatedness from Automatically Generated Semantic Networks </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Pia&#x2212;Ramona Wojtinnek and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In Johan Bos and Stephen Pulman, editors,
             
            <em>
            Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computational Semantics (IWCS11)</em>.
        
                Pages 390&#x2212;394.
            Oxford&#x201a; UK.
        2011.
        ACL SIGSEM.
        ACL.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Probabilistic Approach to Modelling Spatial Language with Its Application To Sensor Models </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Jamie Frost&#x201a; Alastair Harrison&#x201a; Stephen Pulman and Paul Newman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In Robert Ross&#x201a; Joana Hois and John Kelleher, editors,
             
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            Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Models of Spatial Language Interpretation (COSLI&#x2212;2010) at Spatial Cognition 2010.</em>.
        
                Pages 1&#x2212;8.
            Mt. Hood/Portland&#x201a; Oregon&#x201a; USA..
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            2010.
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        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> ISSN 1613&#x2212;0073</p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Human Evaluation of Robot&#x2212;Generated Spatial Descriptions. </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Simon Dobnik and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In Robert Ross&#x201a; Joana Hois and John Kelleher, editors,
             
            <em>
            Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Models of Spatial Language Interpretation (COSLI&#x2212;2010) at Spatial Cognition 2010.</em>.
        
                Pages 25&#x2212;32.
            Mt. Hood/Portland&#x201a; Oregon&#x201a; USA..
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            2010.
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        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> ISSN 1613&#x2212;0073</p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            How Was Your Day? </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Stephen Pulman&#x201a; Johan Boye&#x201a; Marc Cavazza&#x201a; Cameron Smith and Ra&#xfa;l Santos de la C&#xe1;mara  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
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            Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Companionable Dialogue Systems</em>.
        
                Pages 37&#x2013;42.
            Uppsala&#x201a; Sweden.
        July,
            2010.
        Association for Computational Linguistics.
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Karen Ida Boalth Sp&#xe4;rck Jones&#x201a; 1935&#x2212;2007 </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
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            Biographical Memoirs of Fellows IX</em>.
        
            No. 166.
        
                Pages 273&#x2212;300.
            The British Academy.
        Oxford University Press.
        2010.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Conceptual Knowledge Acquisition Using Automatically Generated Large&#x2212;Scale Semantic Networks </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Pia&#x2212;Ramona Wojtinnek&#x201a; Brian Harrington&#x201a; Sebastian Rudolph and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
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            ICCS 2010: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Conceptual Structures</em>.
        
                Pages 203&#x2212;206.
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        2010.
        Springer&#x2212;Verlag&#x201a; Berlin.
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Conditions for Companionhood </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In Yorick Wilks, editor,
             
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                Pages 29&#x2212;34.
            Amsterdam.
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Persuasive Dialogue Based on a Narrative Theory: An ECA Implementation </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Marc Cavazza&#x201a; Cameron Smith&#x201a; Daniel Charlton&#x201a; Nigel Crook&#x201a; Johan Boye&#x201a; Stephen G. Pulman&#x201a; Karo Moilanen&#x201a; David Pizzi&#x201a; Raul Santos de la Camara and Markku Turunen  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
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                Pages 250&#x2212;261.
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            		href="/publications/publication4365-abstract.html">
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Interaction Strategies for an Affective Conversational Agent </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Cameron Smith&#x201a; Nigel Crook&#x201a; Johan Boye&#x201a; Daniel Charlton&#x201a; Simon Dobnik&#x201a; David Pizzi&#x201a; Marc Cavazza&#x201a; Stephen G. Pulman&#x201a; Raul Santos de la Camara and Markku Turunen  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
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                Pages 301&#x2212;314.
            2010.
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Handling User Interruptions in an Embodied Conversational Agent </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> N.T. Crook&#x201a; C. Smith&#x201a; M. Cavazza&#x201a; S. Pulman&#x201a; R. Moore and J. Boye  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of the AAMAS International Workshop on Interacting with ECAs as Virtual Characters&#x201a; accepted for a special issue of the Journal of Multimodal User Interfaces</em>.
        
                Pages 27 &#x2013; 33.
            Toronto.
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        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Computational Models for Incongruity Detection in Humour </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Rada Mihalcea&#x201a; Carlo Strapparava and Stephen G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            CICLing</em>.
        
                Pages 364&#x2212;374.
            2010.
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Packed Feelings and Ordered Sentiments: Sentiment Parsing with Quasi&#x2212;compositional Polarity Sequencing and Compression </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Karo Moilanen&#x201a; Stephen Pulman and Yue Zhang  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis (WASSA 2010) at the 19th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI 2010)</em>.
        
                Pages 36&#x2013;43.
            August,
            2010.
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            		href="/publications/publication4357-abstract.html">
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Analysing the Human Processing of Verbal Humour through Eye&#x2212;Tracking Experiments </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Rada Mihalcea&#x201a; Stephen Pulman&#x201a; Vanya Kovic and Kim Plunkett  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In Dan Tufis and Corina Forascu, editors,
             
            <em>
            Multilinguality and Interoperability in Language Processing with Emphasis on Romanian</em>.
        
                Pages 434&#x2212;447.
            Editura Academiei Romane, Bucharest&#x201a; Romania.
        2010.
        </p>
	
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            		href="/publications/publication7422-abstract.html">
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Unsupervised Classification of Dialogue Acts using a Dirichlet Process Mixture Model </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Nigel Crook&#x201a; Ramon Granell and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of the SIGDIAL 2009 Conference</em>.
        
                Pages 341&#x2013;348.
            London&#x201a; UK.
        September,
            2009.
        Association for Computational Linguistics.
        </p>
	
        		<p class="publicationlinks"> <a
        
            		href="/publications/publication4361-abstract.html">
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					| <a href="http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3951"> Link <span class="sr-only" > to <em> Unsupervised Classification of Dialogue Acts using a Dirichlet Process Mixture Model  </em></span> </a>
  				
		
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Simultaneous Dialogue Act Segmentation and Labelling using Lexical and Syntactic Features </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Ramon Granell&#x201a; Stephen Pulman and Carlos&#x2212;D. Mart&#xed;nez&#x2212;Hinarejos  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of the SIGDIAL 2009 Conference</em>.
        
                Pages 333&#x2013;336.
            London&#x201a; UK.
        September,
            2009.
        Association for Computational Linguistics.
        </p>
	
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            		href="/publications/publication4360-abstract.html">
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Multi&#x2212;entity Sentiment Scoring </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Karo Moilanen and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of the International Conference RANLP&#x2212;2009</em>.
        
                Pages 258&#x2013;263.
            Borovets&#x201a; Bulgaria.
        September,
            2009.
        Association for Computational Linguistics.
        </p>
	
        		<p class="publicationlinks"> <a
        
            		href="/publications/publication4359-abstract.html">
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Automatic Detection of Preposition Errors in Learner Writing </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> De Felice&#x201a; Rachele and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>Calico (The Computer Assisted Language Instruction Consortium)</em>.
        
            Vol. 26.
        
            No. 3.
        
                Pages 512&#x2212;528.
            2009.
        </p>
	
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				[51] 
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Linguistic Ethnography: Identifying Dominant Word Classes in Text </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Rada Mihalcea and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing</em>.
        
            Vol. Volume 5449/2009
                of Lecture Notes in Computer Science.
        
                Pages 594&#x2212;602.
            Springer Berlin / Heidelberg.
        2009.
        </p>
	
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			 | <a
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		DOI (10.1007/978-3-642-00382-0_48)
		</a> 
					| <a href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/p08m276540072j3q/"> Link <span class="sr-only" > to <em> Linguistic Ethnography: Identifying Dominant Word Classes in Text  </em></span> </a>
  				
		
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Using Clustering to Improve Adjective Selection in English Adjective&#x2212;noun Pairs </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> De Felice&#x201a; Rachele and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In Giacomo Ferrari&#x201a; Ruben Benatti and Monica Mosca, editors,
             
            <em>
            Linguistica e modelli tecnologici di ricerca: Atti del XL Congresso internazionale di studi Vercelli&#x201a; 21&#x2212;23 settembre 2006</em>.
        
            Vol. SLI 51
                of Societ&#xe0; di Linguistica Italiana.
        
                Pages 267&#x2212;284.
            Rome.
        2009.
        Bulzoni.
        </p>
	
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				[53] 
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            A Classifier&#x2212;Based Approach to Preposition and Determiner Error Correction in L2 English </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> De Felice&#x201a; Rachele and Stephen G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)</em>.
        
                Pages 169&#x2013;176.
            Manchester&#x201a; UK.
        August,
            2008.
        Coling 2008 Organizing Committee.
        </p>
	
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            The Good&#x201a; the Bad&#x201a; and the Unknown: Morphosyllabic Sentiment Tagging of Unseen Words </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Karo Moilanen and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of ACL&#x2212;08: HLT&#x201a; Short Papers</em>.
        
                Pages 109&#x2013;112.
            Columbus&#x201a; Ohio.
        June,
            2008.
        Association for Computational Linguistics.
        </p>
	
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Automatic Fine&#x2212;Grained Semantic Classification for Domain Adaption </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Maria Liakata and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In Johan Bos and Rodolfo Delmonte, editors,
             
            <em>
            Semantics in Text Processing. STEP 2008 Conference Proceedings</em>.
        
            Vol. 1
                of Research in Computational Semantics.
        
                Pages 139&#x2013;153.
            College Publications.
        2008.
        </p>
	
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				[56] 
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            ILP&#x2212;based Conceptual Analysis for Chinese NPs </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Paul D. Ji and Stephen G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            COLING (Posters)</em>.
        
                Pages 47&#x2212;50.
            2008.
        </p>
	
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				[57] 
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Sentiment Composition </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Karo Moilanen and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of the Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing International Conference (RANLP&#x2212;2007)</em>.
        
                Pages 378&#x2013;382.
            Borovets&#x201a; Bulgaria.
        September,
            2007.
        </p>
	
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				[58] 
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Automatically Acquiring Models of Preposition Use </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> De Felice&#x201a; Rachele and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of the 4th ACL&#x2212;SIGSEM Workshop on Prepositions&#x201a; Prague&#x201a; Czech Republic&#x201a; Association for Computational Linguistics</em>.
        
                Pages 45&#x2013;50.
            2007.
        </p>
	
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				[59] 
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Combining Symbolic and Distributional Models of Meaning </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Stephen Clark and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Quantum Interaction&#x201a; Stanford&#x201a; CA&#x201a; 2007</em>.
        
                Pages 52&#x2013;55.
            2007.
        </p>
	
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				[60] 
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Characterizing Humour: An Exploration of Features in Humorous Texts </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Rada Mihalcea and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of the Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing (CICLing)&#x201a; Springer&#x201a; Mexico City&#x201a; February 2007</em>.
        2007.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> (2nd) best paper award!</p>
	
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				[61] 
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Formal and Computational Semantics: a Case Study </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In Jeroen Geertzen&#x201a; Elias Thijsse&#x201a; Harry Bunt and Amanda Schiffrin, editors,
             
            <em>
            Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Computational Semantics: IWCS&#x2212;7&#x201a; Tilburg&#x201a; The Netherlands&#x201a; 2007</em>.
        
                Pages 181&#x2013;196.
            2007.
        </p>
	
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Review of <em>Flexible Semantics for Reinterpretation Phenomena</em> </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Stephen G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 2007.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> Review of <em>Flexible Semantics for Reinterpretation Phenomena</em> Markus Egg (University of Groningen) Stanford&#x201a; CA: CSLI Publications (CSLI Studies in Computational Linguistics&#x201a; edited by Ann Copestake)&#x201a; 2006&#x201a; xxi+239 pp; paperbound&#x201a; ISBN 1&#x2212;57586&#x2212;502&#x2212;5.</p>
	
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				[63] 
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Sentence Ordering with Manifold&#x2212;based Classification in Multi&#x2212;Document Summarization </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Paul D. Ji and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2006)&#x201a; Sydney&#x201a; July 2006</em>.
        
                Pages 526&#x2013;533.
            2006.
        </p>
	
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				[64] 
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Teaching a robot spatial expressions </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Simon Dobnik&#x201a; Stephen Pulman&#x201a; Paul Newman and Alastair Harrison  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings Second ACL&#x2212;SIGSEM Workshop on The Linguistic Dimensions of Prepositions and their Use in Computational Linguistics Formalisms and Applications&#x201a; Essex University</em>.
        2005.
        </p>
	
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				[65] 
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Automatic Short Answer Marking&#x201a; in Association for Computational Linguistics </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G Pulman and J. Z. Sukkarieh  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of Second Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using NLP&#x201a; Ann Arbor&#x201a; Michigan</em>.
        
                Pages 9&#x2013;16.
            2005.
        </p>
	
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				[66] 
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Information Extraction and Machine Learning: Automarking Short Free Text Responses to Science Questions </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Jana Sukkarieh and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AI&#x2212;ED)</em>.
        2005.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Lexical Decomposition: For and Against </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In John I. Tait, editor,
             
            <em>
            Charting a New Course: Natural Language Processing And Information Retrieval: Essays in Honour of Karen Sparck Jones</em>.
        
                Pages 155&#x2013;174.
            Kluwer Academic/ Springer, Dordrecht.
        2005.
        </p>
	
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Learning Domain Theories </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman and M. Liakata  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In N. Nicolov&#x201a; K. Bontcheva&#x201a; G. Angelova and R. Mitkov, editors,
             
            <em>
            Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing</em>.
        
            Vol. III
                of Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing.
        
                Pages 29&#x2013;44.
            John Benjamins Publishing.
        2004.
        </p>
	
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				[69] 
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Auto&#x2212;marking 2: An update on the UCLES&#x2212;Oxford University research into using computational linguistics to score short&#x201a; free text responses </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> J. Z. Sukkarieh&#x201a; S. G. Pulman and N. Raikes  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            International Association of Educational Assessment&#x201a; Philadelphia</em>.
        2004.
        </p>
	
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				[70] 
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Learning Theories from Text </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> M. Liakata and S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            COLING 18: 18th International Conference on Computational Linguistics&#x201a; Geneva</em>.
        
                Pages 183&#x2013;190.
            2004.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Automarking: using computational linguistics to score short&#x201a; free&#x2212;text responses </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> J. Z. Sukkarieh&#x201a; S. G. Pulman and N. Raikes  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of 29th International Association for Educational Assessment (IAEA) Annual Conference</em>.
        2003.
        </p>
	
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				[72] 
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Relating Dialogue Games to Information State </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>Speech Communication</em>.
        
            Vol. 36.
        
                Pages 15&#x2013;30.
            2002.
        </p>
	
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				[73] 
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            From Trees to Predicate&#x2212;Argument Structures </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> M. Liakata and S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            COLING 17: 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics&#x201a; Taipei&#x201a; Taiwan</em>.
        
                Pages 563&#x2013;569.
            2002.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Grammar Learning using Inductive Logic Programming </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman and J. Cussens  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Oxford University Working Papers in Linguistics</em>.
        
            Vol. 6.
        
                Pages 31&#x2013;46.
            2001.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Incorporating linguistic constraints into inductive logic programming </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> J. Cussens and S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            In Proceedings of CoNLL2000 and LLL2000&#x201a; Lisbon</em>.
        
                Pages 184&#x2013;193.
            ACL.
        September,
            2000.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Statistical and Logical Reasoning in Disambiguation </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</em>.
        
            Vol. 358
                of A.
        
                Pages 1267&#x2013;1280.
            2000.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Bidirectional Contextual Resolution </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>Computational Linguistics</em>.
        
            Vol. 26.
        
            No. 4.
        
                Pages 497&#x2013;538.
            2000.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Experiments in inductive chart parsing </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> James Cussens and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In James Cussens and Saso Dzeroski, editors,
             
            <em>
            Learning Language in Logic</em>.
        
            Vol. 1925
                of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.
        
                Pages 143&#x2013;156.
            Springer Verlag.
        2000.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Automatic extraction of protein interactions from scientific abstracts </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> J. Thomas&#x201a; D. Milward&#x201a; C. Ouzounis&#x201a; S. G. Pulman and M. Carroll  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing 2000&#x201a; Hawaii</em>.
        
                Pages 541&#x2013;52.
            2000.
        </p>
	
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Review of </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>Comput. Linguist.</em>.
        
            Vol. 25.
        
            No. 3.
        
                Pages 445&#x2013;446.
            1999.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> Reviewer&#x2212;Stephen Pulman</p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Relating Dialogue Games to Information States </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In J. Terken and M. Swerts, editors,
             
            <em>
            Proceedings of the European Speech Communication Association workshop on Dialogue and Prosody&#x201a; De Konigshof&#x201a; The Netherlands</em>.
        
                Pages 17&#x2013;24.
            1999.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Bidirectional Interpretation of Tense and Aspect </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> J. Thomas and S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In H. Bunt et al, editor,
             
            <em>
            Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Computational Semantics&#x201a; Tilburg</em>.
        
                Pages 247&#x2013;263.
            1999.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Computer Processable English and McLogic </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> J. Sukkarieh and S.G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In H. Bunt et al, editor,
             
            <em>
            Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Computational Semantics&#x201a; Tilburg</em>.
        
                Pages 367&#x2013;380.
            1999.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            The TRINDI Project: Some Preliminary Themes </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In Joris Hulstein and Anton Nijholt, editors,
             
            <em>
            TWLT 13&#x201a; Formal Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue&#x201a; University of Twente&#x201a; Enschede.</em>.
        
                Pages 31&#x2013;39.
            1998.
        </p>
	
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Aspectual Shift as Type Coercion </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>Transactions of the Philological Society</em>.
        
            Vol. 95.
        
            No. 2.
        
                Pages 279&#x2013;317.
            1997.
        </p>
	
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				[86] 
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Higher Order Unification and the Interpretation of Focus </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>Linguistics and Philosophy</em>.
        
            Vol. 20.
        
                Pages 73&#x2013;115.
            1997.
        </p>
	
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		<div
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Conversational Games&#x201a; Belief Revision and Bayesian Networks </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In J. Landsbergen et al., editor,
             
            <em>
            CLIN VII: Proceedings of 7th Computational Linguistics in the Netherlands meeting&#x201a; Nov 1996</em>.
        
                Pages 1&#x2013;25.
            1997.
        </p>
	
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		<div
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            The Lexical Component of a Natural Language Toolkit </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman&#x201a; G. D. Ritchie&#x201a; G. J. Russell&#x201a; A. W. Black&#x201a; E. J. Briscoe&#x201a; B. K. Boguraev&#x201a; J. A. Carroll and C. G Grover  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In D.Walker&#x201a; A.Zampolli and N.Calzolari, editors,
             
            <em>
            Automating the lexicon &#x2212; research and practice in a multilingual environment</em>.
        CUP, Cambridge.
        1997.
        </p>
	
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		<div
			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Unification encodings of grammatical notations </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S.G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>Computational Linguistics</em>.
        
            Vol. 22/3.
        
                Pages 295&#x2013;328.
            1996.
        </p>
	
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		<div
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Compiling a Partition&#x2212;based Formalism </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> E. Grimley&#x2212;Evans&#x201a; G. Kiraz and S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            COLING 96&#x201a; Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics&#x201a; Copenhagen&#x201a; Denmark: Association for Computational Linguistics</em>.
        
            Vol. I.
        
                Pages 454&#x2013;459.
            1996.
        </p>
	
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            		href="/publications/publication406-abstract.html">
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		<div
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Controlled Language for Knowledge Representation </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proc. of the First International Workshop on Controlled Language Applications&#x201a; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven&#x201a; Belgium</em>.
        
                Pages 233&#x2013;242.
            1996.
        </p>
	
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		<div
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Using the Framework </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Robin Cooper&#x201a; Richard Crouch&#x201a; Jan van Eijck&#x201a; Chris Fox&#x201a; Josef van Genabith&#x201a; Jan Jaspars&#x201a; Hans Kamp&#x201a; Manfred Pinkal&#x201a; David Milward&#x201a; Massimo Poesio&#x201a; Stephen Pulman&#x201a; Ted Briscoe&#x201a; Holger Maier and Karsten Konrad  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> FraCaS: A Framework for Computational Semantics.
        1996.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> FraCaS deliverable D16&#x201a; 136 pages&#x201a; also available by anonymous ftp from <a href="ftp://ftp.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/pub/FRACAS/del16.ps.gz">ftp://ftp.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/pub/FRACAS/del16.ps.gz</a></p>
	
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		<div
			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Building the Framework </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Robin Cooper&#x201a; Richard Crouch&#x201a; Jan van Eijck&#x201a; Chris Fox&#x201a; Josef van Genabith&#x201a; Jan Jaspars&#x201a; Hans Kamp&#x201a; Manfred Pinkal&#x201a; David Milward&#x201a; Massimo Poesio&#x201a; Stephen Pulman&#x201a; Nicholas Asher&#x201a; Paul Dekker&#x201a; Karsten Konrad&#x201a; Emiel Krahmer&#x201a; Holger Maier and Peter Ruhrberg  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> FraCaS: A Framework for Computational Semantics.
        1996.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> FraCaS deliverable D15&#x201a; 408 pages&#x201a; also available by anonymous ftp from <a href="ftp://ftp.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/pub/FRACAS/del15.ps.gz">ftp://ftp.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/pub/FRACAS/del15.ps.gz</a></p>
	
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				[94] 
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		<div
			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            A Strategy for Building a Framework </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Robin Cooper&#x201a; Richard Crouch&#x201a; Jan van Eijck&#x201a; Chris Fox&#x201a; Josef van Genabith&#x201a; Jan Jaspars&#x201a; Hans Kamp&#x201a; Manfred Pinkal&#x201a; David Milward&#x201a; Massimo Poesio and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> FraCaS: A Framework for Computational Semantics.
        1996.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> FraCaS deliverable D14&#x201a; 25 pages&#x201a; also available by anonymous ftp from <a href="ftp://ftp.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/pub/FRACAS/del14.ps.gz">ftp://ftp.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/pub/FRACAS/del14.ps.gz</a></p>
	
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		<div
			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Evaluation of Previous Work </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Robin Cooper&#x201a; Richard Crouch&#x201a; Jan van Eijck&#x201a; Chris Fox&#x201a; Josef van Genabith&#x201a; Jan Jaspars&#x201a; Hans Kamp&#x201a; Manfred Pinkal&#x201a; David Milward&#x201a; Massimo Poesio and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> FraCaS: A Framework for Computational Semantics.
        1996.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> FraCaS deliverable D13&#x201a; 78 pages&#x201a; also available by anonymous ftp from <a href="ftp://ftp.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/pub/FRACAS/del15.ps.gz">ftp://ftp.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/pub/FRACAS/del15.ps.gz</a></p>
	
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		<div
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Semantics </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In R. A. Cole&#x201a; J. Mariani&#x201a; H. Uszkoreit&#x201a; A. Zaenen and V. Zue, editors,
             
            <em>
            Survey of the State of the Art in Human Language Technology</em>.
        
                Pages 105&#x2013;111.
            Cambridge University Press.
        1996.
        </p>
	
        		<p class="publicationlinks"> <a
        
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            A Method for Controlling the Production of Specifications in Natural Language </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> B. Macias and S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>The Computer Journal</em>.
        
            Vol. 38.
        
            No. 4.
        
                Pages 310&#x2013;318.
            1995.
        </p>
	
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Anaphora and Ellipsis in Artificial Languages </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>Natural Language Engineering</em>.
        
            Vol. 1.
        
            No. 3.
        
                Pages 217&#x2013;233.
            1995.
        </p>
	
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Issues in Developing a Korean Version of the Core Language Engine </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> H. S. Park and S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In Key&#x2212;Sun Choi, editor,
             
            <em>
            NLPRS '95&#x201a; Proceedings of the Natural Language Processing Pacific Rim Symposium&#x201a; KAIST&#x201a; Taejon&#x201a; Korea</em>.
        
            Vol. I.
        
                Pages 308&#x2013;313.
            1995.
        </p>
	
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            		href="/publications/publication425-abstract.html">
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			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Inference in the Resolution of Ellipsis </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> I. Lewin and S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In P. Dalsgaard&#x201a; L. B. Larsen&#x201a; L. Boves and I. Thomsen, editors,
             
            <em>
            Proceedings of ESCA Workshop on Spoken Dialogue Systems&#x201a; Vigso&#x201a; Denmark</em>.
        
                Pages 53&#x2013;56.
            1995.
        </p>
	
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			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            The Bluffer's Guide to Computational Semantics </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Robin Cooper&#x201a; Richard Crouch&#x201a; Jan van Eijck&#x201a; Chris Fox&#x201a; Josef van Genabith&#x201a; Jan Jaspars&#x201a; Hans Kamp&#x201a; Manfred Pinkal&#x201a; David Milward&#x201a; Massimo Poesio and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> FraCaS: A Framework for Computational Semantics.
        1995.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> 48 pages&#x201a; also available by anonymous ftp from <a href="http://ftp.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/pub/FRACAS/">http://ftp.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/pub/FRACAS/</a></p>
	
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			</div>

		
        
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			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Evaluating the State of the Art </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Robin Cooper&#x201a; Richard Crouch&#x201a; Jan van Eijck&#x201a; Chris Fox&#x201a; Josef van Genabith&#x201a; Jan Jaspars&#x201a; Hans Kamp&#x201a; Manfred Pinkal&#x201a; David Milward&#x201a; Massimo Poesio and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> FraCaS: A Framework for Computational Semantics.
        1995.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> FraCaS deliverable D10&#x201a; 152 pages&#x201a; also available by anonymous ftp from <a href="ftp://ftp.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/pub/FRACAS/del10.ps.gz">ftp://ftp.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/pub/FRACAS/del10.ps.gz</a></p>
	
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			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            The State of the Art in Computational Semantics: Evaluating the Descriptive Capabilities of Semantic Theories </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Robin Cooper&#x201a; Richard Crouch&#x201a; Jan van Eijck&#x201a; Chris Fox&#x201a; Josef van Genabith&#x201a; Jan Jaspars&#x201a; Hans Kamp&#x201a; Manfred Pinkal&#x201a; David Milward&#x201a; Massimo Poesio and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> FraCaS: A Framework for Computational Semantics.
        1995.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> FraCaS deliverable D9&#x201a; 262 pages&#x201a; also available by anonymous ftp from <a href="ftp://ftp.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/pub/FRACAS/del9.ps.gz">ftp://ftp.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/pub/FRACAS/del9.ps.gz</a></p>
	
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		<div
			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Describing the Approaches </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Robin Cooper&#x201a; Richard Crouch&#x201a; Jan van Eijck&#x201a; Chris Fox&#x201a; Josef van Genabith&#x201a; Jan Jaspars&#x201a; Hans Kamp&#x201a; Manfred Pinkal&#x201a; David Milward&#x201a; Massimo Poesio and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> FraCaS: A Framework for Computational Semantics.
        1995.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> FraCaS deliverable D8&#x201a; 231 pages&#x201a; also available by anonymous ftp from <a href="ftp://ftp.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/pub/FRACAS/del8.ps.gz">ftp://ftp.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/pub/FRACAS/del8.ps.gz</a></p>
	
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		<div
			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Harmonizing the Approaches </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Robin Cooper&#x201a; Richard Crouch&#x201a; Jan van Eijck&#x201a; Chris Fox&#x201a; Josef van Genabith&#x201a; Jan Jaspars&#x201a; Hans Kamp&#x201a; Manfred Pinkal&#x201a; David Milward&#x201a; Massimo Poesio and Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> FraCaS: A Framework for Computational Semantics.
        1995.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> FraCaS deliverable D7&#x201a; 107 pages&#x201a; also available by anonymous ftp from <a href="ftp://ftp.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/pub/FRACAS/del7.ps.gz">ftp://ftp.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/pub/FRACAS/del7.ps.gz</a></p>
	
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Review of <em>Reversible Grammar in Natural Language Processing</em> </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 1995.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> Review of <em>Reversible Grammar in Natural Language Processing</em>&#x201a; ed. T. Strzalkowski&#x201a; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers&#x201a; 1994&#x201a; in Computational Linguistics 21/2&#x201a; 269&#x2212;271.</p>
	
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		<div
			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            A Computational Theory of Context Dependence </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In H. Bunt&#x201a; R. Muskens and G. Rentier, editors,
             
            <em>
            Proceedings: International Workshop on Computational Semantics&#x201a; Institute for Language Technology&#x201a; Tilburg University&#x201a; The Netherlands</em>.
        
                Pages 161&#x2013;170.
            1994.
        </p>
	
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		<div
			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Expressivity of Lean Formalisms </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In S. Markantonatou and L. Sadler, editors,
             
            <em>
            Grammatical Formalisms: Issues in Migration</em>.
        
            Vol. 4
                of Studies in Machine Translation and Natural Language Processing.
        
                Pages 35&#x2013;59.
            Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
        1994.
        </p>
	
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		<div
			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            A feature based formalism for two&#x2212;level phonology </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman and M. R. Hepple  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>Computer Speech and Language</em>.
        
            Vol. 7.
        
                Pages 333&#x2013;358.
            1993.
        </p>
	
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		<div
			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Time and Modality in a Natural Language Interface to a Planning System </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> R. S. Crouch and S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>Artificial Intelligence</em>.
        
            Vol. 63.
        
                Pages 265&#x2013;304.
            1993.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> This issue also reprinted as <em>Natural Language Processing</em>&#x201a; ed. F. Pereira and B. Grosz&#x201a; MIT Press&#x201a; 1994</p>
	
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Higher Order Unification and the Semantics of Focus </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Papers from the Third Nordic Conference on Text Comprehension in Man and Machine&#x201a; April 1992&#x201a; Link&#xf6;ping University</em>.
        
                Pages 113&#x2013;127.
            1993.
        </p>
	
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			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            A Speech to Speech Translation System Built from Standard Components </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> M. Rayner&#x201a; H. Alshawi&#x201a; I. Bretan&#x201a; D. Carter&#x201a; V. Digilakis&#x201a; B. Gamback&#x201a; J. Kaja&#x201a; J. Karlgren&#x201a; B. Lyberg&#x201a; S.G. Pulman&#x201a; P. Price and C. Samuelsson  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Human Language Technology&#x201a; Proceedings of ARPA Workshop&#x201a; Princeton&#x201a; NJ.</em>.
        
                Pages 217&#x2013;222.
            1993.
        </p>
	
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		<div
			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            A Speech&#x2212;Based Route Enquiry System Built from General Purpose Components </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> I. Lewin&#x201a; M. Russell&#x201a; D. Carter&#x201a; S. Browning&#x201a; K. Ponting and S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            EUROSPEECH 93&#x201a; Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology&#x201a; Berlin</em>.
        
                Pages 2047&#x2013;2050.
            1993.
        </p>
	
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		<div
			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            The recognition and interpretation of idioms </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In C. Cacciari and P. Tabossi, editors,
             
            <em>
            Idioms: Processing&#x201a; Structure&#x201a; and Interpretation</em>.
        
                Pages 249&#x2013;270.
            1993.
        </p>
	
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		<div
			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Natural Language Processing for Requirements Specification </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> B. Macias and S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In F. Redmill and T. Anderson, editors,
             
            <em>
            Safety Critical Systems: Current Issues&#x201a; Techniques and Standards</em>.
        
                Pages 67&#x2013;89.
            Chapman and Hall Ltd., London.
        1993.
        </p>
	
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		<div
			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Computational Morphology: Practical Mechanisms for the English Lexicon </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> G. D. Ritchie&#x201a; A. W. Black&#x201a; G. J. Russell and S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> MIT Press, Cambridge Mass..
        1992.
        </p>
	
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		<div
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Reusability of Grammatical Resources and Grammar Development in ALEP </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Doug Arnold&#x201a; Toni Badia&#x201a; Josef van Genabith&#x201a; Dieter Kohl&#x201a; Stella Markantonatou&#x201a; Stephen Pulman&#x201a; Louisa Sadler and Paul Schmidt  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            No. ET 10/52.
        Commission of the European Communities.
        1992.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> Final Report</p>
	
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		<div
			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Unification Based Syntactic Analysis </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In H. Alshawi, editor,
             
            <em>
            The Core Language Engine</em>.
        
                Pages 61&#x2013;82.
            MIT Press., Cambridge Mass..
        1992.
        </p>
	
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            		href="/publications/publication6548-abstract.html">
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		<div
			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Ellipsis&#x201a; Comparatives&#x201a; and Generation </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> H. Alshawi and S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In H. Alshawi, editor,
             
            <em>
            The Core Language Engine</em>.
        
                Pages 251&#x2013;273.
            MIT Press, Cambridge Mass..
        1992.
        </p>
	
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			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Parsing </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In W. Bright, editor,
             
            <em>
            Oxford International Encyclopedia of Linguistics</em>.
        
            Vol. 3.
        
                Pages 159&#x2013;162.
            Oxford University Press.
        1992.
        </p>
	
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		<div
			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Basic Parsing Techniques </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics</em>.
        Pergamon Press/ Aberdeen University Press.
        1992.
        </p>
	
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		<div
			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Chart Parsing and Well&#x2212;Formed Substring Tables </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics</em>.
        Pergamon Press/ Aberdeen University Press.
        1992.
        </p>
	
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		<div
			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Comparatives and Ellipsis </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of the 5th European Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics&#x201a; Berlin</em>.
        
                Pages 1&#x2013;6.
            1991.
        </p>
	
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				[124] 
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Shallow Processing and Automatic Summarising: a First Study </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Stephen Pulman&#x201a; Philip Gladwin and Karen Sp&#xe4;rck Jones  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> Computer Laboratory&#x201a; University of Cambridge.
        1991.
        </p>
	
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				[125] 
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			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Interacting with an intelligent planning system using English sentences </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> B. Crabtree&#x201a; R. Crouch&#x201a; D. Moffat&#x201a; N. Pirie&#x201a; G. Ritchie&#x201a; S. G. Pulman and A. Tate  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of Conference on Expert Planning Systems&#x201a; Brighton&#x201a; UK.</em>.
        
                Pages 169&#x2013;174.
            American Association for Artificial Intelligence&#x201a; and Institute of Electrical Engineers.
        1990.
        </p>
	
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				[126] 
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Prepositional Relatives and Syntactic Marginality </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In D. J. Arnold et al., editor,
             
            <em>
            Essays on Grammatical Theory and Universal Grammar</em>.
        
                Pages 204&#x2013;221.
            Clarendon Press, Oxford.
        1989.
        </p>
	
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				[127] 
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Events and Verb Phrase Modifiers </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In J. Peckham, editor,
             
            <em>
            Recent Developments and Applications of&#x201a; Natural Language Understanding</em>.
        
                Pages 179&#x2013;191.
            Kogan Page&#x201a; Ltd. and Maryland: GP Publishing Inc., London.
        1989.
        </p>
	
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Review of <em>From Schema Theory to Language</em> </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S.G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 1989.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> Review of M. A. Arbib&#x201a; E. J. Conklin&#x201a; and J. C. Hill 'From Schema Theory to Language'&#x201a; New York: Oxford University Press&#x201a; in Contemporary Psychology 34&#x201a; 7: 686&#x2212;687.</p>
	
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Computational Morphology of English </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman&#x201a; G. D. Ritchie&#x201a; G. J. Russell and A. W. Black  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>Linguistics</em>.
        
            Vol. 26.
        
                Pages 545&#x2013;560.
            1988.
        </p>
	
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            A Computational Framework for Lexical Description </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> G. D. Ritchie&#x201a; S. G. Pulman&#x201a; A. W. Black and G. J. Russell  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>Computational Linguistics</em>.
        
            Vol. 13.
        
                Pages 290&#x2013;307.
            1988.
        </p>
	
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Overview of the Core Language Engine </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> H. Alshawi&#x201a; D. Carter&#x201a; J. van Eijck&#x201a; R. Moore&#x201a; D. Moran and S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of the International Conference on 5th Generation Computer Systems</em>.
        
            Vol. 3.
        
                Pages 1108&#x2013;1115.
            Tokyo: Institute for New Generation Computer Technology.
        1988.
        </p>
	
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				[132] 
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			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            A Natural Language Interface to an Intelligent Planning System </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> B. Crabtree&#x201a; R. Crouch&#x201a; D. Moffat&#x201a; N. Pirie&#x201a; S. G. Pulman&#x201a; G. D. Ritchie and A. Tate  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            UK IT 88 Conference Publication&#x201a; Dept. of Trade and Industry</em>.
        
                Pages 319&#x2013;322.
            Stevenage.
        1988.
        IEE Publishing Dept.
        </p>
	
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				[133] 
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Review of <em>Computational Complexity and Natural Language</em> </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 1988.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> Review of R. Berwick et al.&#x201a; &#x2018;Computational Complexity and Natural Language'&#x201a; MIT Press&#x201a; in Journal of Linguistics&#x201a; 24&#x201a; 573&#x2212;575.</p>
	
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				[134] 
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Unification and the New Grammatism </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In Yorick Wilks, editor,
             
            <em>
            Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3&#x201a; NMSU&#x201a; Las Cruces&#x201a; New Mexico</em>.
        
            Vol. 3.
        
                Pages 40&#x2013;42.
            1987.
        </p>
	
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				[135] 
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Passives </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of the 3rd European Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics&#x201a; Copenhagen: ACL</em>.
        
                Pages 306&#x2013;313.
            1987.
        </p>
	
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Formalisms for Morphographemic Description </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> A. W. Black&#x201a; G. D. Ritchie&#x201a; S. G. Pulman and G. J. Russell  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of the 3rd European Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics&#x201a; Copenhagen: ACL</em>.
        
                Pages 11&#x2013;18.
            1987.
        </p>
	
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				[137] 
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			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            The Edinburgh/Cambridge Morphological Analyser and Dictionary System [Version 3.0] </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> G. D. Ritchie&#x201a; A. W. Black&#x201a; S. G. Pulman and G. J. Russell  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> Dept. of Artificial Intelligence&#x201a; University of Edinburgh.
        1987.
        </p>
	
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				[138] 
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			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            The SRI Core Language Engine project: the grammar </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Stephen Pulman and G. D. Ritchie  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> Centre for Cognitive Science&#x201a; Edinburgh&#x201a; and Institute for Language&#x201a; Logic and Information&#x201a; Amsterdam.
        1987.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> in E. Klein and J. van Benthem (eds.) <em>Categories&#x201a; Polymorphism and Unification</em></p>
	
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Computational Models of Parsing </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In A. Ellis, editor,
             
            <em>
            Progress in the Psychology of Language</em>.
        
            Vol. III.
        
                Pages 159&#x2013;231.
            Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, London and New Jersey.
        1987.
        </p>
	
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Metaphor </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In R.G. Fowler, editor,
             
            <em>
            A Dictionary of Modern Critical Terms</em>.
        
                Pages 144&#x2013;146.
            Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
        1987.
        </p>
	
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				[141] 
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			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            The Syntax Semantics Interface </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In P. J. Whitelock et al., editor,
             
            <em>
            Linguistic Theory and Computer Applications</em>.
        
                Pages 189&#x2013;224.
            Academic Press, London.
        1987.
        </p>
	
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				[142] 
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			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Grammars&#x201a; Parsers and Memory Limitations </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>Language and Cognitive Processes</em>.
        
            Vol. 1.
        
            No. 3.
        
                Pages 197&#x2013;225.
            1986.
        </p>
	
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            A Dictionary and Morphological Analyser for English </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> G. D. Ritchie&#x201a; S. G. Pulman&#x201a; A. W. Black and G.J. Russell  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics&#x201a; Bonn: ACL</em>.
        
                Pages 277&#x2013;9.
            1986.
        </p>
	
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            A Parser That Doesn't </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Proceedings of the 2nd European Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics&#x201a; Geneva: ACL</em>.
        
                Pages 128&#x2013;135.
            1985.
        </p>
	
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				[145] 
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Indexed Grammars and Intersecting Dependencies </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Stephen Pulman and G. D. Ritchie  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            No. 23.
        University of East Anglia.
        1985.
        </p>
	
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				[146] 
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
             Review of <em>Information and Misinformation</em> </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S.G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 1985.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> Review of C. J. Fox&#x201a; <em>Information and Misinformation</em>&#x201a; in Journal of Documentation&#x201a; Vol 41.1&#x201a; 43&#x2212;44.</p>
	
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				[147] 
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Review of <em>Elements of Mathematical Linguistics</em> </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 1985.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> Review of A. V. Gladk&#x0133; and I. A. Melcuk&#x201a; <em>Elements of Mathematical Linguistics</em>&#x201a; Berlin: Mouton&#x201a; 1983&#x201a; in Journal of Linguistics&#x201a; Vol 21&#x201a; 262.</p>
	
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				[148] 
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Limited Domain Systems for Language Teaching </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Coling 84: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics&#x201a; Stanford&#x201a; California: Association for Computational Linguistics</em>.
        
                Pages 84&#x2013;87.
            1984.
        </p>
	
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				[149] 
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Word Meaning and Belief </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
                Pages viii&#x201a; 177.
            Croom Helm Ltd.&#x201a; and New Jersey&#x201a; Ablex Publishing Corp., London.
        1983.
        </p>
	
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				[150] 
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Trace Theory&#x201a; Parsing and Constraints </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In M. King, editor,
             
            <em>
            Parsing Natural Language</em>.
        
                Pages 171&#x2013;196.
            Academic Press, London.
        1983.
        </p>
	
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				[151] 
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar&#x201a; Earley's Algorithm&#x201a; and the Minimisation of Recursion </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In K. Sparck Jones and Y. Wilks, editors,
             
            <em>
            Automatic Natural Language Parsing</em>.
        
                Pages 117&#x2013;131.
            Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester.
        1983.
        </p>
	
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				[152] 
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Are Metaphors 'Creative'? </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
        In <em>Journal of Literary Semantics</em>.
        
            Vol. XI:2.
        
                Pages 78&#x2013;89.
            1982.
        </p>
	
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				[153] 
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			class="col-xs-11"
		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Review of M. Fortescue&#x201a; <em>A Discourse Production Model for Twenty Questions</em> </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 1981.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> Review of M. Fortescue&#x201a; <em>A Discourse Production Model for Twenty Questions</em>&#x201a; Amsterdam&#x201a; John Benjamins B.V. 1980&#x201a; in Journal of Pragmatics Vol 5&#x201a; 380&#x2212;382</p>
	
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				[154] 
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Review of <em>Noam Chomsky: Language&#x201a; Creativity and Freedom</em> </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 1981.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> Review of <em>Noam Chomsky: Language&#x201a; Creativity and Freedom</em>&#x201a; Review article&#x201a; in Straight Lines Vol 6&#x201a; 32&#x2212;35.</p>
	
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				[155] 
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Parsing and Syntactic Theory </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 
            In  
            <em>
            Coling 80: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics&#x201a; Tokyo: International Committee on Computational Linguistics</em>.
        
                Pages 54&#x2013;59.
            1980.
        </p>
	
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				[156] 
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Review of <em>Modern Linguistics</em> </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S.G. Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 1980.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> Review of N. Smith and D. Wilson <em>Modern Linguistics</em>&#x201a; Harmondsworth&#x201a; Penguin Books&#x201a; 1979: in Journal of Literary Semantics Vol IX:2 108&#x2212;110</p>
	
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				[157] 
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Grammatical Description and Sentence Processing </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> University of East Anglia.
        1979.
        </p>
	
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            		href="/publications/publication433-abstract.html">
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				[158] 
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Shape Classifiers and Natural Categories </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> Essex University.
        1978.
        </p>
	
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				[159] 
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		>
			
	
	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Can&#x201a; Could&#x201a; and Possible For </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> Stephen Pulman  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> Essex University.
        1976.
        </p>
	
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				[160] 
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	<p class="publicationTitle"> <strong>
            Review of <em>Approaches to Natural Language</em> </strong> </p>
	    <p class="publicationAuthors"> <em> S. G. Pulman and A. Spencer  </em> </p>
	
	<p class="publicationDetails"> 1976.
        </p> <p
            class="publicationNote"> Review of K.J.J. Hintikka et al. <em>Approaches to Natural Language</em>&#x201a; Holland: D. Reidel Publishing&#x201a; 1973. Part 1 in Kritikon Litterarum Vol 5.1&#x201a; Part 2 in Vol 5.2</p>
	
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